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Although I don't know which country Avi is from, I'll tell you about Portugal.
Overall, you can't be fired - you'll go on a medical leave of absence and you receive about half your paycheck (this can be more depending on circumstances). In certain cases you also get free medical treatment (although you pay for bought medication at a reduced price, you don't pay for anything else, medication or other service, provided by doctors in public hospitals). Your case needs to be regularly assessed to see if you are fit to return to work - then your company has to accept you back and, if needed, find ways to help you do your work in case of some remaining disabilities.
It's not perfect though, a few years back a primary school teacher undergoing chemo was deemed fit for work although she had throat cancer - there was a lot of backlash but it still took months before anything was done about it.
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